The Benefits of Dropping an Atomic Bomb on Japan Essay

Angelina Jolie said, â€Å"Without pain, there would be no suffering, without suffering we would never learn from our mistakes. To make it right, pain and suffering is the key to windows, without it, there is no way of life.† On August 6, 1945 the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a small city whose death toll rises to 90,000-166,000. On August 9th, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, 60,000–80,000 . In total, 15 million people lost their lives during the duration of the Second World War. In John Herseys book, Hiroshima, he provides a detailed account of six people and how the bombing of Hiroshima affected their lives. John Heresy felt it was important to focus his story on six individuals to create a remembrance that war affects more†¦show more content†¦Though people questioned why acts of war were committed, they found justification in rationalizing that it served the greater good. As time evolved, the world began to evolve in its thinking and view of the atomic bomb and war. In Hiroshima, John Hersey has a conversation with a survivor of the atomic bomb about the general nature of war. â€Å"She had firsthand knowledge of the cruelty of the atomic bomb, but she felt that more notice should be given to the causes than to the instruments of total war.† (Hersey, 122). In John Hersey’s book, many concepts are discussed. The most important concept for the reader to identify was how society viewed the use of the bomb. Many people, including survivors, have chosen to look past the bomb itself, into the deeper issues the bomb represents. The same should apply to us. Since WWII, we have set up many restrictions, protocols and preventions in the hope that we could spare our society from total nuclear war. The world has benefited in our perspective of the bomb because we learned, understand, and fear the use of atomic weapons. The dropping of the atomic bomb has been significant in understanding the long term effects th at radiation has on the body. It was important that the bomb be used in order for our society to comprehend the repercussions of nuclear warfare. In the book Hiroshima, a survivor named Rev. Kiyoshi Tanimoto briefly describes a commission set up by the United StatesShow MoreRelatedThe Manhattan Project1519 Words   |  7 PagesThe process of building the two atomic bombs was long and hard. The Manhattan project employed 120,000 people, and cost almost $2 billion. Although there were 120,000 Americans working on the project only a select group of scientist knew of the atomic bomb development. Vice president Truman never knew about the development of the bombs until he became president. The axis powers did not know what was going on with the development of the atomic bomb; there was a soviet spy in the project. The sovietRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Was The Right Decision835 Words   |  4 Pageswas the first country to use the atomic bomb in warfare. On August 6, 1945, the first of t wo atomic bombs were dropped. The first bomb was named, â€Å"Little Boy,† and was dropped on the city of Hiroshima. The second bomb was named, â€Å"Fat Man,† (History.com Staff 2009) and was dropped on the city of Nagasaki three days later. The bombs resulted in thousands of casualties and radiation among the civilians. Dropping the atomic bomb was the right decision because the bomb would end the war, it was revengeRead MoreWas the Atomic Bomb Dropped on Hiroshima Justified Essay1587 Words   |  7 PagesWere the Americans justified in dropping the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945? The dropping of the atomic bomb on Nagasaki and Hiroshima in 1945 by the Americans is a very controversial issue with no definite answer. Both sides of the issue have very justifiable arguments. Reasons for dropping the bomb include the fact that Truman’s options were limited at this point in the war, that the bomb did have the desired outcome of Japans surrender and that the majority of reasonsRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs910 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 20th century, specifically the year 1945, the United States of America had two atomic bombs that the commander and chief, and president at the time, Harry Truman, knew about. President Truman plan was to drop the bombs on two of Japans cities, Hiroshima first and then Nagasaki. Truman’s plans went accordingly, which to this day leads to a very controversial topic on whether or not dropping the atomic bombs was a good or bad thing. There is evidence and reasoning to back up both claims, inRead MoreDropping The Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki During World War II921 Words   |  4 PagesDropping the Bomb In 1945 America committed an act that some consider to be one of the most destructive acts in the world. It has been questioned why America would execute the devastating dropping of the bombs, nicknamed fat man and little boy, on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War two. One of the first and probably main factors for dropping the bombs was to end World War two as soon as possible. The cost of the war was steadily increasing and Truman wanted keep the cost as low as possibleRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1165 Words   |  5 Pagestime. It wasn’t until after the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 that the U.S. had officially declared war on Germany and Japan. After Germany had agreed to an unconditional surrender, therefore ending the war in Europe, the U.S. was still at war with Japan and the U.S, hesitant to risk more American lives, made the difficult decision to drop the atomic bomb over Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Both bombings resulted in the instant deaths of about 135,000 people and affecting thousands more in waysRead MoreThe War Policy Of Bombing Cities Essay1647 Words   |  7 PagesJapanese were Warned Supports of the atomic bombs point out that Japan had been warned and given time to surrender. On July 26, the Potsdam Declaration was sent to Japan as a final ultimatum to accept unconditional surrender. The Allies would accept nothing but unconditional surrender with the document being concluded with â€Å"We call upon the Government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all the Japanese armed forces †¦ the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction.† InRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs in Japan1373 Words   |  6 PagesOn August 6th, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima without any precedent. The explosion viciously destroyed four square miles of the city and killed 90,000 and injured 40,000. (Weber, â€Å"Was Hiroshima Necessary?†) Three days later, a second atomic bomb stroked the city of Nagasaki which killed approximately 37,000 people and injured 43,000 (Weber, â€Å"Was Hiroshima Necessary? †). These actions of the United States still remain controversial today and the UnitedRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1345 Words   |  6 PagesA large number of people disagree with the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. A large number of people also back the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. What were the benefits from the United States bombing Japan? What were the effects of the first ever dropped atomic bomb? How are the relations between the United States and Japan today? Read on to find out some of these controversial topics. It is estimated that within the first few months after the bombing, it is estimated between 90,000 166Read MoreAtomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki1074 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many different ways in which WWII could have ended. Rather than taking the risk of dropping atomic bombs on Japan, many people believe that one of the alternative options would have been much more sensible. The variety of possible options the U.S. could have taken to finish the war have been analyzed for years. Though Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki is one of the most controversial and debated topics in history, this researcher believes that he made

Animal Testing Is Inhumane For Diseases, And Development...

What is animal testing? Animal testing is when scientist experiment on animals to find cures for diseases, and development of medical treatments. Many animals die because of this. Majority of people don’t know what they go through and how the process is done. Animal testing is inhumane for the following: why it is done, how it is done, and when it is done. To begin with, why is it done? Animal testing is done to protect humans from bad products that may hurt them, also to find ways to cure diseases that haven’t been cure yet. 95 percent of mice and rats are used for research. Mice represented the largest increase in research with their numbers going from 1.2 million to nearly 1.9 million in that period. Other animals also saw increases (Qtd animal experiment up to 73 percent, study says). Other animals that are used in research are rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, farm animals, fish, and insects, and also less than one percent cats, and dog’s area also used for r esearch. Another reason is to treat injuries and learn more about the animal bodies to find the similarity to the human body (qtd. animal research). Animal testing is inhumane when testing to protect humans. Some people say testing on animals are life changing experiments and with the help of animal experiment can discover blood transfusion, kidney dialysis, and gene therapy for example cystic fibrosis and types of cancer( Coster 7). Others think experimenting on animal is cruel and they suffer a lot. It is trueShow MoreRelatedAnimal Experimentation Is Necessary For Medical Purposes922 Words   |  4 Pagesdecades, the use of animal experimentation has played a vital role in science and has lead to the development of numerous vaccines. However, since it’s beginning, numerous amounts of people have disagreed and protested against this act classifying it has inhumane as well as cruelty. Many organizations have worked to try and abolish animal testing in order to protect anima l rights. Against their accusations and beliefs, scientist disagree greatly with the extinction of animal testing because of its valueRead MoreAnimal Testing And Its Effects On Human Health1146 Words   |  5 PagesMillions of animals suffer and die unnecessarily each year as they become subjects for medical testing and other horrendous experiments. Although some people believe such activities are necessary to progress in medical research, in reality it does very little to improve human health and development. For decades, drug and chemical safety assessments have been based on laboratory experimentations involving rabbits, dogs, rodents, and other animals. Consequently, nine out of ten drugs proven safeRead MoreAnimals For Medical Purposes Should Not Remain Legal1679 Words   |  7 PagesMillions of harmless, innocent animals die tragically every year because of painful medical research. Animals including mice, rabbits, monkeys, cats, and dogs undergo painful procedures and m edical experiments in order to monitor the devastating effect that takes place on their bodies. As the animals wait in their cold, boring, isolated cages, they do not receive the chance to roam around or use their natural abilities. Before their soon, unavoidable death, some animals are injected with harmful toxinsRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1721 Words   |  7 Pages † Today, more animals are being used in experiments than ever before: around 100 million in the United States alone† (3). Animal testing is now an international issue, and it is becoming a major story. Currently, animals are often used in medical testing, make-up testing, and other consumer product testing. Animals used in such product testing are often abused and suffer from serious side-effects. Animal testing can be painful for the animals, testing results are usually not even useable forRead MoreEssay about Humane Treatment of Animals1419 Words   |  6 PagesHumane Treatment of Animals Animal testing is a necessity in todays society. This topic receives a lot of attention worldwide. There are many people who feel that risking an animals well being is cruel and inhumane. They may be right; however, Im taking a utilitarian approach on this topic and saying that the greater good for majority of people wins. At this day in age we cannot simply stop testing animals until another way is discovered. The application of animals to test a large number ofRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Used For Biomedical Research1645 Words   |  7 PagesMillions of animals are used and tested on for biomedical research. Considering this fact, is it really an ethical approach to satisfying the needs of humans? Animals should not be used for biomedical research because the experiments are cruel and inhumane. Although animal testing brings more medical advancement and less human-based experiments, it is an expensive way of researching that produce imprecise outputs and at the same time is a practice of animal cruelty. What is animal testing? Animal testingRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Not All Humane And Pain Free1130 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"An estimated 26 million animals are used every year in the united states for scientific and commercial testing† (ProCon.org). We are rapidly using up the earth’s supply of small animals. â€Å"A 2011 poll of nearly 1,000 biomedical scientists conducted by the science journal Nature found that more than 90% agreed that the use of animals in research is essential (ProCon.org). Right now, millions of mice, rats, rabbits, cats, dogs, and other animals are locked up in cages and are getting killed for scientificRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing1336 Words   |  6 PagesThe world’s largest cosmetic markets have banned animal testing for cosmetics. Major companies have turned their backs completely on animal testing and no longer use ingredients that were tested on animals – and a number of animal tests have been completely r eplaced with superior, cheaper and more effective non-animal methods. Proponents of animal testing say that it has enabled the development of many life-saving treatments for both humans and animals, that there is no alternative method for researchingRead MoreAnimal Testing And The Inhumane Side Of Testing2051 Words   |  9 PagesAnimal testing and research is highly debated around our world, with people comparing the successes of the research to the inhumane side of testing. Many medical advancements can be attributed to animal research, but of course, some tests are unsuccessful or provide no further knowledge. More humane methods of testing are being developed, and the tests that are performed with the intent of harming the animals are backed with painkillers, anesthesia, or euthanasia. However, testing for cosmetic productsRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Should Be Banned1426 Words   |  6 Pagesjudged by the way its animals are treated.† - Mahatma Gandhi. These famous w ords still ring true in today’s society as we struggle to overcome the scientific experimentation on animals. Animals have acted as the archstone of human civilization since the dawn of man, from a source of food, to companionship. However, in the past century, we have been blurring the line between environmental entitlement and environmental rape. Every member of the human race interacts and depends on animals, and we owe them

Scarlet Letter Literary Criticism Essay Example For Students

Scarlet Letter Literary Criticism Essay Scarlet Letter Literary Criticism Essay All great stories have thorough reports from several different literary critics, what do they have to say on The Scarlet Letter? The Scarlet Letter in the nineteenth century is comparable to early twentieth century and late twentieth century criticism. Early nineteenth century critics think the story was a tremendous work of art. A Review of New Books thought the story is a genuine native romance (Ripley 295). This is shown through the struggle of Hester and Arthur to have a secret love affair and find time to see each other periodically throughout the story. Ripley believes The Scarlet Letter is his greatest work by imposing splendor of portative (295). Hawthorne is a master at telling this story very haunted at times. Ripley ponders, Roger Chillingworth is depicted with such fearful directness and vigor that it is his informal presence that must long haunt the chamber of memory (295). The critic feels that Hawthorne would move the audience to a sad place as Chillingworth haunted Dimmesdale. Hawthornes work is even considered better than the highly famous Edgar Allen Poe. Ripley states, Hawthorne makes his tragedies with a wonderful insight and skill, to which the intellect of Poe was a stranger (295). This is a great compliment for Hawthorne, as Poe has some great dark stories. But its true, because it seems like this story was always gloomy. Just when you think things are going to get good at the end, when Dimmesdale is in a good mood, he quickly gets sick again. This was very interesting, because it is a different twist to the normal happy story. The people in the story as a whole are spoken of. The people in the story were more symbolic than just a character, very picturesquely arranged, mainly because the story isnt about them, but what they stand for (James 29). For instance, Pearl is the living sin. Nineteenth century criticism is positive to the story. Early twentieth century criticism continues what took place in nineteenth century criticism, to be very optimistic about the story, but takes a deeper look into the main characters. Mark Van Doven points out the greatness of the characters. He explains Pearl in a short, but fascinating way, Pearl has something supernatural about her. She may even be the devils child (Van Doren 135). Pearl, the living sin, haunts Hester at times with her tricky questions. Van Doren says of Dimmesdale, Dimmesdales purpose, still do not give him peace. The blood comes, but not his soul, for there is no penitence. He tortures, but cannot purify himself (131). He is a sad character in this story. It seems like all he does is suffer and suffer. Either way, Arthur would have been tortured, either physically or mentally. If he came out early on, they would have killed him, but he kept it in, so he suffered mentally. Hawthorne did this magically. Van Doven speaks highest on Hawthornes work of Hester, Hester becomes a heroine, almost a goddess, into when the character every other woman in Hawthorne flows (130). She is ridiculed so much during the story, but lived her life sewing elaborate dresses. After Arthurs death, people would finally talk to her again. Hester is a passionate woman, shown through her state of excitement feeding in frenzy, in the prison after her first exposure to the crowd (131). She cries for a while there, after being so strong on the scaffold. Critics of the early twentieth century were constructive of The Scarlet Letter. Late twentieth century criticism spoke of only good things of the Scarlet Letter as well, as they depicted the interesting character or Chillingworth. Neilson talks of Hawthornes character work, Neilson believed Chillingworths power died when Arthur died, forcing him to shrivel up and pass away quickly. Neilson talks of Roger, Chillingworth is a dabbler in black music, a porche where clearly predates his animal in Boston (Neilson 273). He is a wicked man who sinned more than he had to to make Dimmesdales life a living hell. .uf52f914a000f8cf359fd8f97626356c6 , .uf52f914a000f8cf359fd8f97626356c6 .postImageUrl , .uf52f914a000f8cf359fd8f97626356c6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf52f914a000f8cf359fd8f97626356c6 , .uf52f914a000f8cf359fd8f97626356c6:hover , .uf52f914a000f8cf359fd8f97626356c6:visited , .uf52f914a000f8cf359fd8f97626356c6:active { border:0!important; } .uf52f914a000f8cf359fd8f97626356c6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf52f914a000f8cf359fd8f97626356c6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf52f914a000f8cf359fd8f97626356c6:active , .uf52f914a000f8cf359fd8f97626356c6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf52f914a000f8cf359fd8f97626356c6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf52f914a000f8cf359fd8f97626356c6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf52f914a000f8cf359fd8f97626356c6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf52f914a000f8cf359fd8f97626356c6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf52f914a000f8cf359fd8f97626356c6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf52f914a000f8cf359fd8f97626356c6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf52f914a000f8cf359fd8f97626356c6 .uf52f914a000f8cf359fd8f97626356c6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf52f914a000f8cf359fd8f97626356c6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: "In what ways does the concept of reversal appear in the start of Act 2?" Essay More of Chillingworth is explained, he is the wronged husband, but ironically the most condensed sinner. That is because he is the only one of the three .

Financial Risk and Portfolio Optimization †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Financial Risk and Portfolio Optimization. Answer: Introduction: Jaguar and Ford mainly fall under automobile industry and are considered competitors of each other. Hence, the acquisition of Jaguar could create the highest value for Ford, which might help the company increasing value. In addition, the values will only be created with the help of synergies that will be created by the company with the acquisition process. This acquisition process might mainly help in generating the levels of synergies in production, and revenue stream that could create value for Ford. Moreover, the combination of Jaguar and Ford could allow both companies to combine their production and dealership. This could help in generating high level of return from investment. In this context, Aliu, Pavelkova and Dehning (2017) stated that companies with the help of acquisitions and mergers can create value by combining their operations and increase the overall profitability. In addition, the value will be created by combing the production system of both the companies and reduce the actual cost of production. This value creation might help the company in declining the costs and increasing the level of returns. Therefore, the combined valuation of the company could help in generating the level of returns from investment. Furthermore, the combination could help in generating high level of sales for the company, as the combined dealership would increase the sales of the firm, while reducing the actual cost of production. This combined valuation would allow both the companies to generate high level of synergies and valuation for investment. Beshears et al. (2016) argued that without the identification of synergies companies are not able to create the relevant value, which might reduce financial stability of the combined company. Calculating share price of Jaguar suing DCF method: Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 Particulars 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Turnover (in millions): United States - in $ $850.00 $1,076.90 $1,364.30 $1,728.40 $2,189.70 $2,774.20 Exchange Rate $/ 1.615 1.615 1.615 1.615 1.615 1.615 United States - in 526.32 666.81 844.77 1,070.22 1,355.85 1,717.77 Europe - in DM 434 572.7 755.6 997.1 1315.6 1735.9 Exchange Rate DM/ 3.022 3.022 3.022 3.022 3.022 3.022 Europe - in 143.61 189.51 250.03 329.95 435.34 574.42 Total Turnover in US Europe 669.93 856.32 1,094.80 1,400.16 1,791.19 2,292.19 United Kingdom 324.00 404.80 505.80 632.10 789.80 986.80 Rest of World 172.80 241.30 337.00 470.60 657.20 917.80 Total Turnover - in 1,166.73 1,502.42 1,937.60 2,502.86 3,238.19 4,196.79 Cost of Sales -1,045.00 -1,350.40 -1,730.90 -2,222.10 -2,829.50 -3,608.80 Gross Profit 121.73 152.02 206.70 280.76 408.69 587.99 Distribution, Administration and RD Costs -122.00 -147.30 -177.90 -214.80 -259.40 -313.20 Net Operating Profit -0.27 4.72 28.80 65.96 149.29 274.79 Increase in Net Working Capital -113.2 -34.5 -45.1 -59 -77.3 -101.5 Free Cash Flow -113.47 -29.78 -16.30 6.96 71.99 173.29 Discount Rate 6.72% 6.72% 6.72% 6.72% 6.72% 6.72% Discounted FCF -106.33 -26.15 -13.41 5.37 52.01 117.31 Total of Discounted FCFs 28.80 Particulars Value Value of Company after 1995 2,579.13 PV of Value after 1995 1,745.91 Total Fair Value 1,774.72 Nos. of Shares 182.926 Fair Value per Shares (in ) 9.70 Evaluating prices of Jaguar under different scenarios: Particulars Value Value of Company after 1995 2,445.38 PV of Value after 1995 1,655.37 Total Fair Value 1,659.37 Nos. of Shares 182.926 Fair Value per Shares (in ) 9.07 Increase in DM interest rate by 25%: Particulars Value Value of Company after 1995 2,644.64 PV of Value after 1995 1,790.26 Total Fair Value 1,830.28 Nos. of Shares 182.926 Fair Value per Shares (in ) 10.01 Increase in Yen interest rate by 25%: Particulars Value Value of Company after 1995 2,579.13 PV of Value after 1995 1,745.91 Total Fair Value 1,774.72 Nos. of Shares 182.926 Fair Value per Shares (in ) 9.70 Decrease in $ interest rate by 10%: Particulars Value Value of Company after 1995 3,133.60 PV of Value after 1995 2,121.26 Total Fair Value 2,252.88 Nos. of Shares 182.926 Fair Value per Shares (in ) 12.32 Decrease in DM interest rate by 10%: Particulars Value Value of Company after 1995 2,847.98 PV of Value after 1995 1,927.91 Total Fair Value 2,002.77 Nos. of Shares 182.926 Fair Value per Shares (in ) 10.95 Decrease in Yen interest rate by 10%: Particulars Value Value of Company after 1995 2,579.13 PV of Value after 1995 1,745.91 Total Fair Value 1,774.72 Nos. of Shares 182.926 Fair Value per Shares (in ) 9.70 Depicting the currency Jaguar should manage more: From the overall evaluation of above tables relevant exposure of Jaguar can be calculated, which might hamper their actual revenue from currency conversion. The maximum of revenue that is generated by Jaguar is from US, which relevantly indicates the exposure of dollar, which needs to be managed by the company. In addition, the evaluation of above figure mainly helps in detecting the overall percentage sales, which is conducted in US by Jaguar. The evaluation indicates that maximum of the sales are mainly on US dollar, which states the Jaguar should manage the US Dollar adequately for reducing any kind of losses, which might incur from currency exchange. The US sales Vs worldwide sales depict a relevant sales percentage to 41%, which indicates that maximum revenue is generated from sales in US. Hence, the organisation needs to manage US dollar for curbing the loses, which might incur from the exchange rate (Bruni et al. 2015). The above figure relevantly depicts the overall financial data of Jaguar, which could help in generating the level of return from investment. The major revenue is generated from US, which can be seen from above figure. In addition, the financial performance is dependent on the revenue that is generated in dollars and needs to be converted in pound for increasing the level of returns from investment. Furthermore, without the conversion of sales in pound the actual revenue that is generated by the company is not evaluated. Hence, the risk exposure of Jaguar is immense in terms of dollar revenue. Any decline in the currency value might hamper actual valuation of the stock and directly affect its revenue generating capacity. Therefore, Jaguar needs to conduct adequate valuation and adjust for their exposure in the market, which could help in reducing the losses from currency conversion (Hung et al. 2018). Stating how much should jaguar hedge, while describing financial and industrial hedging: Particulars 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 United States - in 45.11% 44.38% 43.60% 42.76% 41.87% 40.93% Europe - in 12.31% 12.61% 12.90% 13.18% 13.44% 13.69% United Kingdom 27.77% 26.94% 26.10% 25.26% 24.39% 23.51% Rest of World 14.81% 16.06% 17.39% 18.80% 20.30% 21.87% From the overall evaluation sales percentage that is generated from US is the highest, which might affect the total revenues of the company. In addition, Jaguar needs to hedge its exposure in US for curbing the losses that might incur from volatile currency market. The combined Europe sales are not close to the revenue that is generated from US sales. Jaguar needs to use hedging instruments such as forwards and future contracts for curbing the losses that might incur from currency conversion. The 40% of total revenue that is generated from Jaguar needs to be hedged for shortening the losses in currency conversation. The use of future contacts can reduce the relevant losses from operations. In addition, this derivatives contract might allow the company to hedge its exposure in the currency market and reduce any kind of expected losses, which might incur from currency market (Pfaff 2016). Therefore, buying future contracts of dollar might help in reducing the losses from currency conve rsion for Jaguar. The current exposure of Jaguar in Japan is relatively lower than other countries, where operations of the company has not been conducted adequately. In addition, the revenue generated from japan is relevant low, which reduced the implication and exposure of Jaguar in Yen. This relevant exposure of the company might directly affect the overall profitability, which might incur from operations. This exposure from currency conversion is relatively low, where the actual revenue that is generated in Japan can be hedged with using appropriate instrument (Zhang, Liu and Xu 2014). Stating which exchange rate is Jaguar exposed: In perspective of Ford a US-based shareholder Jaguar is mainly exposed to DM and Pound currency, which could hamper relevant profits of the shareholders. In addition, the major exposure of the company is mainly on pound, where the actual expenses are been conducted for the production of cars. This exposure of the Jaguar after the acquisition might be controlled with the help of hedging process, which might be useful for US-based shareholder to increase their return from investment. Being a US-based shareholder the relevant revenues that is been generated outside US needs to be hedged for reducing the negative impact from currency conversion. In addition, the operations of Jaguar need to be evaluated based on US dollars, which might help in generating high rate of return from investment (Damodaran 2016). There are two different sources of each exposure, which is generated from pound and DM. The high-end exposure for US-Based shareholders can be conducted by hedging adequate pound in comparison to dollar. In addition, the exposure from pound is due to the production facility, which is located in UK. In addition, the sales revenue from Europe and Germany is also conducted by the company over the period. Therefore, the revenues and expenses incurred in UK is the major source of exposure for the pound currency. The second source of exposure is the currency DM, which is generated from Germany. Jaguar conducts adequate sales in Germany, which could increase the accumulation of DM by the company and needs to be converted in US dollar. Moreover, this source of exposure is relevantly high, as the company obtains adequate revenue from the sales of cars in Germany, as depicted in case study (Fracassi 2016). Stating which exposure should Ford care about: From the overall evaluation, exposure in pound needs to be assessed by Ford and can take relevant measure to control risk from currency exchange. In addition, Ford after acquiring Jaguar needs to be concerned regarding exposure in pound that is made by the company. Hence, the exposure in pound is the main concern for the company, as the overall revenue and expense are in pound. This would directly hamper the actual performance of the company if Ford is not careful in hedging their exposure in the UK market. Furthermore, the exposure on DM also needs to be evaluated by Ford, as adequate revenue is generated from Europe division of Jaguar (Foley and Manova 2015). Therefore, exposure in currency market and commodity market needs to be conducted by Ford for reducing the risk from their investment. From the overall evaluation, Jaguar has relevant exposure in pound and DM, which needs to be hedged adequately for reducing risk from currency market. In addition, the exposure in the current market mainly needs to be reduced by using adequate level of hedging contracts such as futures and forward contracts. In this context, Scholes (2015) mentioned that companies with the help of hedging process can reduce the risk from volatile markets in which they are trading. Furthermore, the evaluation mainly helps in depicting the risk, which mouth hamper the actual profits of the organisation. On the other hand, Bazdresch, Kahn and Whited (2017) criticises that hedging process without evaluation does not provide adequate return for the organisation, while increase the chance of risk from investment. Therefore, Ford needs to have adequate hedging contract for both pound and DM, which could help in generating high level of returns from investment. Reference and Bibliography: Aliu, F., Pavelkov, D. and Dehning, B., 2017. Portfolio risk-return analysis: The case of the automotive industry in the Czech Republic. Bazdresch, S., Kahn, R.J. and Whited, T.M., 2017. Estimating and testing dynamic corporate finance models.The Review of Financial Studies,31(1), pp.322-361. Beshears, J., Choi, J.J., Laibson, D. and Madrian, B.C., 2016. Does Aggregated Returns Disclosure Increase Portfolio Risk Taking?.The review of financial studies,30(6), pp.1971-2005. Bruni, R., Cesarone, F., Scozzari, A. and Tardella, F., 2015. A linear risk-return model for enhanced indexation in portfolio optimization.OR spectrum,37(3), pp.735-759. Damodaran, A., 2016.Damodaran on valuation: security analysis for investment and corporate finance(Vol. 324). John Wiley Sons. Ehrhardt, M.C. and Brigham, E.F., 2016.Corporate finance: A focused approach. Cengage learning. Ferran, E. and Ho, L.C., 2014.Principles of corporate finance law. Oxford University Press. Foley, C.F. and Manova, K., 2015. International trade, multinational activity, and corporate finance.economics,7(1), pp.119-146. Fracassi, C., 2016. Corporate finance policies and social networks. Management Science,63(8), pp.2420-2438. Hillier, D., Clacher, I., Ross, S., Westerfield, R. and Jordan, B., 2014.Fundamentals of corporate finance. McGraw Hill. Hung, K., Yang, C.W., Zhao, Y. and Lee, K.H., 2018. Risk Return Relationship in the Portfolio Selection Models.Theoretical Economics Letters,8(03), p.358. Lerner, J. and Seru, A., 2017.The use and misuse of patent data: Issues for corporate finance and beyond(No. w24053). National Bureau of Economic Research. Nguyen, T.T., Gordon-Brown, L., Khosravi, A., Creighton, D. and Nahavandi, S., 2015. Fuzzy portfolio allocation models through a new risk measure and fuzzy sharpe ratio.IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems,23(3), pp.656-676. Pfaff, B., 2016.Financial risk modelling and portfolio optimization with R. John Wiley Sons. Scholes, M.S., 2015.Taxes and business strategy. Prentice Hall. Zhang, W.G., Liu, Y.J. and Xu, W.J., 2014. A new fuzzy programming approach for multi-period portfolio optimization with return demand and risk control.Fuzzy Sets and Systems,246, pp.107-126.

Significance of title emperor of ice cream free essay sample

The Emperor of Ice-cream one of the best known poems by Stevens is a poem of ideas picturing a deep amount of sensitivity and sexual implications. The sheet is spread over a womans face while the boys are bringing flowers; this makes sure that a funeral scene is being depicted in the poem. The tone of the poem is celebratory instead of being elegiac.The opening Stanza Of the poem shows that the characters are filled with fun who only value useless and meaningless things and as such they regard ice cream as their ruler or emperor. The reminisce of the funeral of the beautiful woman is also explained who valued an embroidered sheet that was made by her but in the end, she was left with nothing. A heavy element of lust is portrayed in the bowl filled with ice cream which becomes an object of human desire instead of merely being a dairy product. We will write a custom essay sample on Significance of title emperor of ice cream or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The poet by using ice cream as a metaphor beautifully explains that just like a bowl filled with too much of ice cream is not good, similarly a life full of too many desires is injurious because no matter how rich, or how wealthy a person becomes he will not gain peace of mind because his or her greed for wanting more will never be satisfied. Just like the woman who was so attached with her embroidered cloth but he had to part with it because of death, all of us have to part with all the tangible and intangible things we love.The poem as the title suggests The Emperor of Ice cream looks funny from outside but when read carefully has a deep meaning inside. Stevens has attached the biggest truth of life, death with a funny note; death comes to one and all and those who stay attached to materialistic desires have to suffer in the end. What is advisable is that one should start De-attaching himself from his surroundings as soon as possible because we must understand the universal truth t hat life will indeed come o an end today or tomorrow. Prevention is as a matter of fact better than cure.The poet also says that though it is essential to disc-associate oneself from the world but till you are alive it is necessary to enjoy life because life is as short as an ice cream, it melts even before we can notice. Just like an ice cream is carved for enjoyment, similarly life is carved by God to enjoy to the fullest. Detachment from material things is essential but this does not mean that one is not entitled to enjoy life. The poet also says that sex and lust are the ultimate truth of life and they should be accepted by the people at large. Significance of title emperor of ice cream free essay sample The Emperor of Ice-cream one of the best known poems by Stevens is a poem of ideas picturing a deep amount of sensitively and sexual Implications. The sheet Is spread over a womans face while the boys are bringing flowers; this makes sure that a funeral scene is being depicted in the poem. The tone of the poem is celebratory instead of being elegiac.The opening stanza of the poem shows that the characters are filled with fun who only value useless and meaningless things and as such they regard ice cream as their ruler or emperor. The reminisce of the funeral of the beautiful woman Is also explained who valued an embroidered sheet that was made by her but in the end, she was left with nothing. A heavy element of lust is portrayed in the bowl filled with ice cream which becomes an object of human desire instead of merely being a dairy product. We will write a custom essay sample on Significance of title emperor of ice cream or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The poet by using ice cream as a metaphor beautifully explains that Just like a bowl filled with too much of ice cream Is not good, similarly a life full of too many desires Is Injurious because no matter how rich, or how wealthy a person becomes he will not gain peace of mind because his or her greed for wanting more will never be satisfied. Lust like the woman who was so attached with her embroidered cloth but she had to part with it because of death, all of us have to part with all the tangible and Intangible things we love. The poem as the title suggests The Emperor of Ice cream looks funny from outside but when read carefully has a deep meaning inside. Stevens has Ninth a funny note; death comes to one and all and those who stay attached to materialistic desires have to suffer in the and. What is advisable is that one should start De-attaching himself from his surroundings as soon as possible because we must understand the universal truth that life will indeed come o an end today or tomorrow. Prevention is as a matter of fact better than cure. He poet also says that though it is essential to dish-associate oneself from the world but till you are alive it is necessary to enjoy life because life is as short as an ice cream, it melts even before we can notice. Just like an ice cream is carved for enjoyment, similarly life is carved by God to enjoy to the fullest. Detachment from material things IS essential but this does not mean that one is not entitled to enjoy life.

How Women Entrepreneurs Lead and Why They Manage That Way Essays

How Women Entrepreneurs Lead and Why They Manage That Way Essays How Women Entrepreneurs Lead and Why They Manage That Way Essay How Women Entrepreneurs Lead and Why They Manage That Way Essay An International Journal Emerald Article: How women entrepreneurs lead and why they manage that way Dorothy Perrin Moore, Jamie L. Moore, Jamie W. Moore Article information: To cite this document: Dorothy Perrin Moore, Jamie L. Moore, Jamie W. Moore, (2011),How women entrepreneurs lead and why they manage that way, Gender in Management: An International Journal, Vol. 26 Iss: 3 pp. 220 233 Permanent link to this document: http://dx. doi. org/10. 108/17542411111130981 Downloaded on: 12-02-2013 References: This document contains references to 86 other documents Citations: This document has been cited by 3 other documents To copy this document: [emailprotected] com This document has been downloaded 1526 times since 2011. *Users who downloaded this Article also downloaded: * Dorothy Perrin Moore, Jamie L. Moore, Jamie W. Moore, (2011),How women entrepreneurs lead and why they manage that way, Gender in Management: An International Journal, Vol. 26 Iss: 3 pp. 20 2 33 http://dx. doi. org/10. 1108/17542411111130981 Dorothy Perrin Moore, Jamie L. Moore, Jamie W. Moore, (2011),How women entrepreneurs lead and why they manage that way, Gender in Management: An International Journal, Vol. 26 Iss: 3 pp. 220 233 http://dx. doi. org/10. 1108/17542411111130981 Dorothy Perrin Moore, Jamie L. Moore, Jamie W. Moore, (2011),How women entrepreneurs lead and why they manage that way, Gender in Management: An International Journal, Vol. 26 Iss: 3 pp. 220 233 http://dx. doi. org/10. 108/17542411111130981 Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by CURTIN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY For Authors: If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service. Information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www. emeraldinsight. com/authors for more information. About Emerald www. emeraldinsight. com With over forty years experience, Emerald GroupPublishing is a leading independent publisher of global research with impact in business, society, public policy and education. In total, Emerald publishes over 275 journals and more than 130 book series, as well as an extensive range of online products and services. Emerald is both COUNTER 3 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation. *Related content and download information correct at time of download.The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www. emeraldinsight. com/1754-2413. htm GM 26,3 How women entrepreneurs lead and why they manage that way Dorothy Perrin Moore The Citadel School of Business Administration, Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina, USA 220 Jamie L. Moore Long Island Forum for Technology, Applied Science Center, Bethpage, New York, USA, and Jami e W. Moore The Citadel School of Business Administration, Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina, USA and DJM Consulting, Charleston, South Carolina, USA AbstractPurpose – The purpose of this paper is to present six testable propositions to guide future research on the power of the trust building, interactive transformational leadership style women employ to succeed in corporate environments and which they further re? ne as entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach – The propositions are drawn from ? ndings in the ? elds of management, entrepreneurship, organizational behavior, leadership, teamwork and trust. Findings – In organizational life, to move beyond outsider stereotypes, women employ collaborative behaviors to create a climate of trust in work teams.As managers and later as entrepreneurs, their leadership style yields a number of performance enhancing outcomes. Originality/value – Little research links the leadership style of women in organiza tions to their later entrepreneurial ventures. The propositions and recommendations for testing offered here provide several methods to carry out empirical and theoretical studies. Keywords Transformational leadership, Trust, Women, Team working Paper type Research paper Introduction Over the past several decades, the forces of rapid economic and technological change, the in? x of women and minorities into the workforce, the economic shift to a post industrial, global economy and an investment market emphasis on short-term pro? ts combined to reshape organizations. Major components of the change included organizational restructuring, the erosion of employee trust, increasingly greater workforce diversity and the emergence of work teams as drivers of ? rm performance. Concurrently, many women in organizations, mostly con? ned to the lower and middle management levels and in the majority of ? ms denied any opportunity to move Gender in Management: An International Journal Vol. 26 No. 3, 2011 pp. 220-233 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 1754-2413 DOI 10. 1108/17542411111130981 â€Å"Women entrepreneurs style of transformational leadership and performance outcomes: an interactive approach to building a climate of trust† – an earlier version of this paper was previously presented at the United States Association of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Conference, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, and published in the USASBE 2011 Conference Proceedings. nto upper management (Bass and Avolio, 1994; Dencker, 2008), made the transition to private ownership (Bullough et al. , 2010). Taking their corporate experience and management style with them, they founded businesses at twice the rate of men and were equally successful (Moore and Buttner, 1997; Moore, 2010). This work connects the approach used by women in corporate environments with research in the ? elds of entrepreneurship, leadership, teamwork and trust to explore the management and leadership t rategy common to women entrepreneurs. The propositions that emerge are based on ? ndings that trust, governance and team member relationships have mutual, complimentary effects (Puranam and Vanneste, 2009; Faems et al. , 2008), that conceptualizations of trust vary widely (Bigley and Pearce, 1998) and that the style of leadership practiced by women owners, which has a pronounced impact on employer-employee interactions and performance outcomes (Karakowsky and Siegel, 1999), enhances trust and productivity. We begin by ? st examining the work environments women construct through their interactive transformational leadership to create a climate of trust that enables employees to move from outsiders to being insiders. We then examine the phenomenon of trust, the in? uence of gender and diversity in trust building and the development of highly productive, team-centered enterprises. We conclude by offering suggestions on how the propositions of the entrepreneurial woman’s leadersh ip style may be tested and suggestions for further research.Background and development Organizations and changes in leadership styles Over the past decades, to deal with globalization, more intense competition and other forces for change, corporate managers employed new technologies to reduce layers of bureaucracy and trim the number of long-term employees while simultaneously raising productivity by relying on well coordinated work teams (Ilgen and Sheppard, 2001).It worked because with the new information sharing systems people with differing backgrounds, information sets, resources, perspectives and problem-solving approaches could be brought together to contribute to a collective creativity in environments real or virtual (Mannix and Neale, 2005). The best results were achieved when teams were built by assembling people with the skills needed and permitting them to operate in a culture that encouraged openness, knowledge sharing and empowerment (Davis et al. , 2000).Well-functio ning teams thus required a style of leadership conducive to constructing a climate of trust and the free exchange of information (Mannix and Neale, 2005, pp. 41-2). The problem was that the ongoing and widespread restructuring that reduced the numbers of employees and eliminated many of the bene? ts of those who remained had eroded trust: queried in 2009, more than half of American workers said they did not trust their organization’s leaders and an even higher percentage felt their employer had violated their contractual relationship (Dirks et al. , 2009). Further complicating the roblems of leadership were the presence of biases inherent in organizational groupings that formerly had been homogenous (Mannix and Neale, 2005). With work teams now critical to organizational productivity (Salamon and Robinson, 2008), organizations needed a management style that encouraged the creation of a culture of trust to enable them to deal with periods of uncertainly or the eruption of a bu siness crisis (McKnight and Chervany, 2006). How women entrepreneurs lead 221 GM 26,3 The interactive transformational style of leadership provided an answer and was increasingly employed.Women in organizations As work environments became more diverse, women moved into work roles traditionally occupied by men. The numerous obstacles they encountered included hostile wok climates (Kossek et al. , 2003) and stereotypical negative behaviors (Ely, 1995). Lacking role models and supportive relationships in organizations (Ely, 1994, p. 203; Liff and Ward, 2001), highly visible but isolated, often marginalized and denied access to power (Sealy, 2010), they learned from experience to practice collaborative and interactive job behaviors to moderate the effects of gender biases (LePine et al. 2002). To attain a management position, many women had to ? rst overcome their outsider status, then meet requirements more stringent than their male counterparts, and once in a position of leadership ac t more skillfully to avoid backlash (Tharenou, 1999; Oakley, 2000). They thus brought to positions of leadership a repertoire of behaviors consistent with what people expect from women, in order to ease the transition and acceptance into the group (Gupta et al. 2009), and also to avoid or lessen the negative reactions most had experienced from exerting authority, particularly over men, or displaying a too high level of competence or appearing to dominate (Eagly et al. , 2003, pp. 572-4; van Engen et al. , 2001; Madlock, 2008). Women as leaders The style in which women lead has been relatively unstudied and few researchers have examined how they build trust in entrepreneurial teams. Finding in other settings, however, suggest that while evidence for sex differences in eadership is mixed and depends upon context, in general, women tend to employ a transformational approach and are more likely than men to do so (Bycio et al. , 1995; Bass and Avolio, 1994; Yammarino et al. , 1997). They behave more democratically than men in leadership situations, use interactive skills, place emphasis on maintaining effective working relationships, and value cooperation and being responsible to others, practices that all serve to further organizational goals by integrating people into the group as respected individuals (Yammarino et al. 1997; Rosener, 1990, 1997; Moore and Buttner, 1997; Buttner, 2001; Eagly and Carli, 2003; Eagly et al. , 2003). This interactive approach, described by Helgesen (1995) as a web, is especially applicable in organizational team settings wherein the construction of individually unique, one-to-one, somewhat egalitarian interpersonal relationships is advantageous. The process may be visualized as the leader sitting at the center of a wheel and connecting directly to each subordinate by a spoke, with each team member linked along the rim: a style which makes each team member an insider.As entrepreneurs, women employ the same interactive (all minds are n eeded at the table) approach to both encourage creativity and balance the authoritative command and control behaviors expected of a male boss with the more collaborative language and communication styles expected of a woman (Moore, 2000, pp. 100-6): P1. Women entrepreneurs employ an interactive and transformational leadership style to move beyond the stereotypes associated with being an outsider in business environments (Figure 1). 222 Increasingly diverse work force Greater numbers of women in organizations Work behaviors that minimize insider/outsider effectsTrust building practices How women entrepreneurs lead Intereactive transformational style of leadership Team led problem solving Reshaped organizations Lower levels of employee trust Team leadership by insiders Work setting experiences referenced by women 223 Figure 1. Transitions emergence of women’s leadership approach Insider/outsider organizaional stereotyping tendencies The importance of trust Collaboration, recipr ocity and equity Transactions that foster venture innovation are frequently the result of collaborations that depend on open-mindedness, shared vision and mutual expectations of positive ? eciprocity (Viklund and Sjoberg, 2008). They require patterns of trust that lead to inter-group trust and, in turn, spawn inter-organizational trust (Currall and Inkpen, 2006, p. 245). Within a business venture, then, trust â€Å"is as much a condition or ingredient as the outcome of action† (Sydow, 2006, p. 379). At the most basic level, trust is conveyed by an individual, the trustor. The trustee may be a formal or an informal group, a larger subset of the organization or the ? rm itself (Janowiez and Noorderhaven, 2006).The interactions take place within the overlapping social, cultural, institutional, organizational and sub-organizational environments. Collectively, this is the climate created by the everyday practices and reputations that leaders build and maintain overtime (Rhee and V aldez, 2009). When the culture encourages trustworthy behavior by containing â€Å"a high degree of taken-for-grantedness,† it will enable trust and â€Å"shared expectations,† even among employees â€Å"who have no ? mutual experience or history of interaction† (Mollering, 2006, p. 73). Outcomes The observed bene? ts of a climate of trust – enhanced ef? ciency, greater productivity, decreased absenteeism, lower rates of employee turnover, better safety records and higher levels of commitment (Neves and Caetano, 2006) – contribute directly to ? rm value (Mayer and Gavin, 2005). This is especially true when a trust climate results in a sharing of knowledge among employees because the acquisition and utilization of knowledge, which â€Å"has the potential to be the source of extraordinary returns† (Madhok, 2006, p. 08), is a special, intangible economic asset (Casson and Giusta, 2006). Ideally, a company will employ systems designed to build t his into a climate of collective trust. But this is not always the case, and even ? rms that try to create a culture of trust may accomplish the task only in varying degrees: P2. Because trust is essential to ? rm performance and productivity, the most successful entrepreneurial leaders will employ an interactive leadership style to create and maintain a climate of trust. GM 26,3 224The transformational leadership style has a signi? cant positive impact on team performance because of its moderating effects in dealing with complex or contentious issues (Huettermann and Boerner, 2009). Among the reasons, women ? nd it appealing are its utility in multi-cultural settings (Fein et al. , 2009), its effectiveness in encouraging employee learning, creativity and implementation skills (Chiu et al. , 2009) and the advantage it offers in building high-quality leader-follower relationships and trust (Brahnam et al. , 2005): P3.The employment of a transformational leadership style by a woman en trepreneur will be perceived as highly effective in settings where interactions are sensitive and performance outcomes are highly valued. Gender at work Gender and productivity The number of studies isolating any effects of gender on productivity is slight (LePine et al. , 2002), though there is a suggestion of an â€Å"overall positive linear relationship between gender diversity and employee productivity† (Ali et al. , 2009). The value of adding women members to teams has been supported in studies of IPO ? ms (Welbourne et al. , 2007), small ? rm performance (Litz and Folker, 2002), military settings (Hirschfeld et al. , 2005) and most recently, corporate boards (Konrad et al. , 2008). Findings suggest that when the number of women increases to the point where they are no longer tokens, collaboration, solidarity, con? ict resolution, reciprocity and self-sustaining action all rise (Westermann et al. , 2005), as does work group effectiveness (Knouse and Dansby, 1999) and lev els of interpersonal sensitivity (Williams and Polman, 2009).Other studies indicate that the participation of women either leads to positive outcomes or shows no negative productivity effects (Kochan et al. , 2003). Among the strongest suggestions favoring the business case for gender diversity at the higher levels is a longitudinal examination of 353 companies that remained on the Fortune 500 list for four years out of a ? ve-year span (1996-2000) whose signi? cantly higher returns on equity (35 percent) and total returns to stockholders (34 percent) correlated with their greater representation of women in senior management (Catalyst, 2004).As Konrad et al. (2008) have shown, when the number of women on corporate boards reaches three or more, the presence of women becomes normalized rather than stereotyped. The result is a higher level of ? rm performance and innovation (Nielsen and Huse, 2010; Torchia et al. , 2010). The numbers are important. In organizations, where the percentag e of women on top management teams and/or their corporate boards is 15 percent or greater, male participants tend to exhibit higher levels of trust in female leaders than in organizations where women’s inclusion is less than 15 percent.By contrast, while men have signi? cantly more positive evaluations of women when there are more of them, the con? dence women have is high irrespective of their numbers (Lortie-Lussier and Rinfret, 2002): P4. In ? rms led by women entrepreneurs practicing interactive transformational leadership, employees will exhibit a high level of trust in their women owners. Building trust through equity Biases and perceptions Establishing a climate of trust can be dif? cult, particularly when employees are responding to stereotypes rather than actual leader behavior. The existence of biases ased on self-categorization (we are more comfortable among people like us) and similarity attraction (us versus them) in relatively or formerly homogeneous groups is i ndisputable. Men, in general, trust a new male team member more than a new female team member (Spector and Jones, 2004), view a new male to have better management skills (Karau et al. , 2009) and prefer a masculine leadership mode (Butter? eld and Powell, 2010; Johnson et al. , 2008; Moore, 1984). Male and female employees alike exhibit strong opinions of how leaders should talk, act and behave and they employ gender stereotypes in evaluating leadership (Namok et al. 2009). As Butter? eld and Powell (2010) note, the masculine mode of behavior represents power and the leadership dimensions most employees seek. Similar traits are associated with entrepreneurs (Gupta et al. , 2009; Moore, 2010). Such in-group/out-group mindsets can create harmful fault lines, especially in situations where success depends on collaboration and the sharing of knowledge (Gratton et al. , 2007). Establishing a trust chain Diversity in organizations can produce both positive and negative outcomes, chie? y b ecause of stereotyping (Jackson et al. , 2003).While the negative effects of stereotyping can be counteracted by a recognition that diversity in expertise, skill sets and the like can contribute to team performance, establishing that recognition can be dif? cult because it requires creating a climate of trust and its maintenance: a leader has to violate trust expectations only once to cause â€Å"a signi? cant drop in the level of trust† (Dirks, 2006, p. 24). For women leaders to be perceived as effective, then, they must surmount the obstacle of needing to demonstrate both strength and sensitivity and overcoming stereotypes in work settings.With fewer margins for error (Caleo and Heilman, 2009), they do this by treating individuals uniformly and equitably to create within the work group a feeling of cooperative interdependence, the belief that we gain when others succeed (Williams, 2001). It is a group-focused leadership style that facilitates identi? cation and collective e f? cacy (Wu et al. , 2010): P5. The most effective tool for building and maintaining organizational trust is in applying the transformational leadership process in a manner that employees perceive as equitable.How women entrepreneurs lead 225 Trust, team building and ? rm-related outcomes Balancing control and behaviors Work dynamics occur within distinct, overlapping, unique environments: the norms, values and beliefs of society at large; the culture and background of the person; their individual expertise derived from education, experience, specialization and pro? ciency; and the views, insights, suggestions and opinions of family, friends and trusted others. In organizations and small businesses alike, employees reference these norms and values across all levels of interactions.Achieving high performance thus requires engineering a work climate consistent with organizational aims and employee values. This requires balancing management control with behaviors that encourage trust ( Schoorman et al. , 2007). Key factors that drive perceptions of trustworthy behavior include the degree to which the leader acts with integrity, demonstrates openness, takes an interest and displays con? dence in people, acts as coach and advocate, and shares clear expectations about performance outcomes. Because individual perceptions of the leader or owner’s abilities and trustworthiness differ from his or her self-perceptions,GM 26,3 it is critical to recognize differences between the extension of trust and how it is monitored. The goal is to have the outcome of the series of leader/owner actions and individual responses culminate in the creation of an atmosphere of reciprocity – the expectation that acts of trust will be repaid. When this happens, the potential for mutual trustworthiness and higher productivity is maximized (Ferrin et al. , 2007). Sharing power As Rosener (1990) notes, women â€Å"are far more likely than men to describe themselves as transforming subordinates’ self-interest into concern for the whole organization. A female team leader is also likely to view her position in terms of assisting team members in reaching performance goals (Paris et al. , 2009). The result is that women lead in a participative style (Nielsen and Huse, 2010). Using effective communication skills (Madlock, 2008), they focus on sharing power and information to create a collaborative team environment (Keeffe et al. , 2008) whose ingredients include the employee’s personal propensity to trust, their past experiences and perceptions of the manager. When the owner/leader is seen as an advocate who will reciprocate trustworthy behaviors (Drath et al. 2008), perceptions of the ? rm’s overall fairness increase (Brockner et al. , 2007). As Morrison and Robinson (1997) note, in a high trust climate people show increased levels of loyalty, satisfaction and engagement and the resulting cooperation and free exchange of information lead to q uicker and better decisions, and higher performance. For a business owner, the reasons to proceed in this fashion are thus compelling: P6. The application of the interactive, transformational leadership style as a tool to create a climate of trust will enhance the longevity of women-owned ? rms through higher employee performance. 26 Summary The propositions shown in Figure 2 provide an approach to understanding the power of women’s interactive transformational leadership style (the predictor variable) which they use in team building to create a climate of trust and empowerment (moderator variables). The resulting organizational outcomes include open communications, employee satisfaction, innovation and enhanced productivity that collectively provide greater ? nancial returns and potential for ? rm growth. The propositions may be tested with a single or series of empirical and longitudinal tests in a variety of respondent groups of ? ms with 25 or more employees. Some of thes e Team building moderators P2 Predictor for womens entrepreneurial success P1 Interactive transformational leadership P3 P4 P5 Climate of trust Gender diversity Higher levels of employee trust Employee perceptions of equitable treatment Collaboration and reciprocity Effectiveness outcomes Open communication and exchanges Satisfaction Innovation Enhanced productivity Higher financial returns Market retention and expansion, including global Figure 2. Propositions entrepreneurial women’s leadership effectiveness P6 ?rms may be in that group identi? d by the Center for Women as being part of the â€Å"missing middle. † Still other respondent groups will be found across the small business and entrepreneurial sector, including those engaged in the international market, technology, manufacturing and the service industries. This last group, according to research from the Diana Project (Holmquist and Carter, 2009), clearly demonstrates the positive potential of female entrepren eurship. Another possible research avenue is to test cross-gender effects by drawing the respondents from those organizations with mixed sex leadership or equivalent ownership in copreneurial enterprises.A number of current valid measures are available for testing work team relationships for climate, trust and repair approaches (Gillespie and Dietz, 2009), stereotypes and attitudes toward women entrepreneurs (Namok et al. , 2009) and managers (Zeynep and Soner, 2010). Variations of the transformational leadership inventory and productivity scales that measure the end predictor results on work teams can be combined with a trust index inventory (Palrecha, 2009). The approach may be enhanced by adding other links to the propositions.For example, important additions would be the three levels of trust repair, attributions and expectations in building effective work teams. Instruments developed by Konrad et al. (2008) and Huse and Solberg (2006) to measure the impact of the number of wome n in leadership positions on innovation and productivity are also relevant here. It has often been said that research on gender yields a limited number of theoretical underpinnings for building models. Not so. When considering the pool of theories from various ? elds of research, a number of robust propositions emerge.Those presented here are not only important in understanding the emergence of organizational cultures common to women-owned businesses. They suggest an approach to developing effective strategies to deal with current economic problems; speci? cally, in building relationships and facilitating cooperation among the diverse and sometimes contentious members of groups who must deal with complex issues. This conceptualization goes beyond descriptions of the interactive style of transformational leadership or the management style practiced by women to suggest the important role of women entrepreneurs in pioneering better management practices.References Ali, M. , Kulik, C. T. and Metz, I. (2009), â€Å"The impact of gender diversity on performance in services and manufacturing organizations†, Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, Chicago, IL, USA, pp. 1-6. Bass, B. and Avolio, B. J. (1994), â€Å"Shatter the glass ceiling: women may make better managers†, Human Resource Management, Vol. 33 No. 4, pp. 549-60. Bigley, G. A. and Pearce, J. L. (1998), â€Å"Straining for shared meaning in organization science: problems of trust and distrust†, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23 No. 3, pp. 405-21. Brahnam, S.D. , Margavio, T. M. , Hignite, M. A. , Barrier, T. B. and Chin, J. M. 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About the authors Dorothy Perrin Moore is an Emeritus Professor of Business Administration, The Citadel School of Business, where she held the title of Distinguished Professor of Entrepreneurship.She is the author of Careerpreneurs: Lessons from Leading Women Entrepreneurs on Building a Career Without Boundaries, which received the ForeWord Magazine Book-of-the-Year Gold Award in the ? eld of Business, and the co-author of Women Entrepreneurs: Moving Beyond the Glass Ceiling. A former entrepreneur, she received her PhD in Management, Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management from the Darla Moore School of Business, University of South Carolina.She is a Recipient of the Academy of Management, Women in Management Division’s Sage Janet Chusmir Service Award and the Division’s Sage Scholarship Award and a Justin G. Longenecker Fellow in the United States Association of Small Business and Entrepreneurship. She presently serves as a Job Coach at the Center for Women in Charleston, South Carolina and writes a monthly professional advancement column for the Charleston Post Courier. Dorothy Perrin Moore is the corresponding author and can be contacted at: dot. [emailprotected] net Jamie L.Moore is the Director of Workforce Programs for the Long Island Forum for Technology, New York. He has 15 years of progressive experience in employee, management and organization development at CA and JP Morgan Chase where he was involved in organizational lead projects that saved $12 million for CA and over $6 million annually for JP Morgan Chase. He earned a Master’s degree in Production and Operations Management from the Darla Moore School of Business at the University of South Carolina and did additional course work in management and organizational behavior at Columbia University.He serves on the Advisory Board for Advanced Ma nufacturing at Suffolk County Community College and teaches courses in the Master’s program in the College of Business at Stony Brook University. Jamie W. Moore, Professor of History Emeritus, The Citadel, received his PhD from the University of North Carolina. He is a former member of the United States Department of the Army Historical Advisory Committee and the National Council of the American Association of University Professors and a past President of the South Carolina Historical Association.His two most recent books, Growing Up in Davie County: Recollections from One Hundred Years Ago (Honorable Mention, 2005) and (co-authored with Dorothy P. Moore) Island in the Storm: Sullivan’s Island and Hurricane Hugo (Bronze Award, 2006) received ForeWord Magazine book-of-the-year awards. How women entrepreneurs lead 233 To purchase reprints of this article please e-mail: [emailprotected] com Or visit our web site for further details: www. emeraldinsight. com/reprints

Marriages Settled in Heavens Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marriages Settled in Heavens - Article Example One contrast is those love marriages, although they are often celebrated with the consent of parents and elders and often in courts too, yet tend to ignore the importance of consent of the elders of the family. Boy and girl fall in love with each other and settle down that they will get married no matter their parents agree or not. On the other hand, arranged marriages are settled by the parents, and the spouses may not even know each other before marriages and in some countries, they may not have even seen each other before they enter into the wedlock. This contains a lot of surprise for them which in most cases, is accepted with delight. When there is parents’ consent involved, there are God’s blessings too which tend to beautify the relationship more than when parents are not happily agreeing. Parents’ support remains with the spouses throughout their lives in case of arranged marriages while in love marriages, it may not be with them.  One contrast is those love marriages, although they are often celebrated with the consent of parents and elders and often in courts too, yet tend to ignore the importance of consent of the elders of the family. Boy and girl fall in love with each other and settle down that they will get married no matter their parents agree or not. On the other hand, arranged marriages are settled by the parents, and the spouses may not even know each other before marriages and in some countries, they may not have even seen each other before they enter into the wedlock. This contains a lot of surprise for them which in most cases, is accepted with delight. When there is parents’ consent involved, there are God’s blessings too which tend to beautify the relationship more than when parents are not happily agreeing. Parents’ support remains with the spouses throughout their lives in case of arranged marriages while in love marriages, it may not be with them.   Another comparison of the two marriages is that both of them tend to join two families. Boy weds girl and both have been brought up with different values, morals, and standards. They bring their values to the other family and in this way, society gets enlightened. These values help to build the foundations of a healthy happy family that tends to serve the society in the long run. Both marriages introduce new ways of living and boys and girls tend to get mature and sensible with the passage of time. They learn the tricks and tactics to deal with difficult situations which means that they learn lessons from their experiences throughout their lives.   In case of arranged marriage, the failure rate is relatively lower. This is because whenever a conflict arises, the parents of both the spouses are there to solve them and support them morally. Also, the spouses know that they have to bring good name to their parents by abiding by the vows they took at the time of marriage.